{"id":33,"date":"2010-07-13T15:27:09","date_gmt":"2010-07-13T15:27:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/hub-dev.bates.edu\/anthropology\/citing-sources-in-american-anthropology-association-style\/"},"modified":"2014-09-25T09:53:20","modified_gmt":"2014-09-25T13:53:20","slug":"citing-sources-in-american-anthropology-association-style","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.bates.edu\/anthropology\/academics\/resource\/citing-sources-in-american-anthropology-association-style\/","title":{"rendered":"Citations"},"content":{"rendered":"

Citing Sources in American Anthropology Association Style<\/p>\n

AAA Style Guide<\/h3>\n

AAA uses\u00a0The Chicago Manual of Style<\/em> (14th edition, 1993) and\u00a0Merriam-Webster\u2019s Collegiate Dictionary<\/em> (10th edition, 1993; On-Line edition, 2003). This guide is an outline of style rules basic to AAA style. Where no rule is present on this list, followChicago.<\/em> In\u00a0Webster<\/em>\u2019s, use the first spelling if there is a choice and use American not British spellings. (This guide does not apply to newsletters, which deviate frequently from these guidelines in the interest of space and tend to follow many Associated Press style rules.)<\/p>\n

\n

Article Titles and Section Heads<\/h3>\n
    \n
  • Do not put endnote callouts on display type such as titles, section heads, or epigraphs. Place them after nearest hard punctuation or at the ends of excerpts. Never use endnote inside excerpts or after soft punctuation (i.e., commas, em-dashes, in lines of poetry, etc.)<\/li>\n
  • Do not number section heads<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
      \n
    • Use the following terms for each separate submission:
      \n—\u00a0 paper = conference
      \n—\u00a0 article = journal or newspaper
      \n—\u00a0 chapter = book
      \n—\u00a0 essay = essay in journal, book, etc.
      \n—\u00a0 review = review in journal or newspaper<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
      \n

      Capitalization<\/h3>\n

      <\/strong>Follow\u00a0Webster\u2019s<\/em> and\u00a0Chicago <\/em><\/p>\n

      Ethnicity<\/span> (Chicago<\/em> 7.33\u20137.35):<\/p>\n

        \n
      • Capitalize these terms as noted (unless author objects): African American, Afro-American, Alaska Native, American Indian, Asian American, Canadian American, Euramerican, Euro-American, Euro-Canadian, European American, European Canadian, Hispanic, Indo-European, Jew, Latina, Mesoamerican, Native (indigenous), Native American, Pacific Islander, Australian and Canadian Aboriginal and Aborigine<\/li>\n
      • Lowercase these terms as noted: aboriginal (where not Australian or Canadian); black; highlander,\u00a0but<\/em> Highlander (where referring to Scottish); mestizo; redneck; white<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Events<\/span> (Chicago<\/em> 7.68):<\/p>\n

          \n
        • Capitalize historical, quasi-historical, political, economic, and cultural events or plans: Battle of the Books, Boston Tea Party, Cold War (20th century, USSR vs. USA), Great Depression, the Holocaust, Industrial Revolution<\/li>\n
        • Lowercase: California gold rush, civil rights movement, cold war, depression<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          Figures, tables, appendixes<\/span> (exception to\u00a0Chicago<\/em>):<\/p>\n

            \n
          • Capitalize in text if they refer to items within the present work, lowercase if they refer to those in other works:
            \n—\u00a0 In Figure 1
            \n—\u00a0 As you can see in Table 2
            \n—\u00a0 In Johnson\u2019s figure 1
            \n—\u00a0 Evidence in Johnson\u2019s table 1 agrees with my own\u00a0 (Table 2)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            Historical or cultural terms<\/span> (Chicago<\/em> 7.63\u20137.73):<\/p>\n

              \n
            • Where capitalized by tradition or to avoid ambiguity, per\u00a0Chicago<\/em> and\u00a0Webster\u2019s use:<\/em> Middle Ages, Progressive Era, Restoration, Roaring Twenties, Stone Age,<\/li>\n
            • Lowercase: ancient Greece, nuclear age, romantic period, U.S. colonial period<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              Names of organizations, committees, associations, conferences<\/span> (Chicago<\/em> 7.50\u20137.62):<\/p>\n

                \n
              • Capitalize full official names\u2014lowercase “the” preceding a name, even where it is part of the official title: the Baltimore City Council, Bureau of the Census, Census Bureau, Circuit Court of Cook County<\/li>\n
              • Lowercase where they become general: the bureau, city council, congressional, council, county court, federal<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                Place-names<\/span> (Chicago<\/em> 7.36\u20137.39):<\/p>\n

                  \n
                • Capitalize geographical and popular names of places: Antarctica, Asia, Atlantic, Back Bay (Boston), Central America, City of Brotherly Love, Foggy Bottom (D.C.), Ivory Coast, North Pole, Orient, the States, Third World (do not hyphenate as adj.), Upper Michigan<\/li>\n
                • Directions should be capitalized where used as a name but not where used as a direction:
                  \n—\u00a0 Caribbean Islands; Far East; North India; North Pole; Pacific Islands; the South; South India; South Pacific; the Southwest (n.),\u00a0but<\/em> southwestern (adj.); the West; Westernize
                  \n—\u00a0 northern Michigan, the south of France, southeastern, western Samoa, the Western world<\/li>\n
                • Lowercase: eastern Europe, western Europe, central Europe.\u00a0Exceptions<\/em>: use Eastern and Western Europe in the context of the political divisions of the Cold War; use Central Europe in the context of the political divisions of World War I<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  Titles of offices<\/span> (Chicago<\/em> 7.16\u20137.26):<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • Capitalize civil, military, religious, and professional titles only where they immediately precede the name. In formal usage, such as acknowledgments or lists of contributors, capitalize the title following the name: B.A. in anthropology; Judy Jones, Smith Professor Emeritus at Yale University; Professor Jones, associate professor of education studies; a professor emeritus; Henry Trueba, chair of the Department of Education Studies; the chairman of the department<\/li>\n
                  • For academic degrees or titles, capitalize where formal, lowercase where informal: Louis Spindler, Ph.D.; a Master of Science degree from University of Virginia; a master\u2019s degree in education<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    Titles of works<\/span> (Chicago<\/em> 7.126):<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    • For titles of works in AAA journals, references cited, and notes: change capitalization only. Do not change anything else, even spelling or punctuation (exception to\u00a0Chicago<\/em>)<\/li>\n
                    • Capitalize first and last words of titles and subtitles in English. For other languages, follow\u00a0Chicago<\/em><\/li>\n
                    • Capitalize both words in a hyphenated compound (exception to\u00a0Chicago<\/em>)<\/li>\n
                    • Do not capitalize parenthetical translations of titles in references cited<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                      \n

                      Foreign Words and Foreign Quotations<\/h3>\n

                      Diacritics<\/span>:<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      • Alert field office and AAA of unusual characters or fonts in advance of submission to verify they are printable.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                        Quotations<\/span>:<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        • Put foreign sentences and quotations in quotation marks (and do not italicize)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                          Translations<\/span>:<\/p>\n

                            \n
                          • Include translations of foreign words in parentheses immediately following (or vice versa, but keep consistent throughout the work):
                            \n —\u00a0 ellai<\/em> (borders) and\u00a0cantippu<\/em> (crossroads)<\/li>\n
                          • Include translations of foreign-language quotations either in an endnote or in brackets immediately following the quotation (without italics and without quotation marks):
                            \n—\u00a0 \u00a0“Todas somos amigas de desde chiquitas, casi puras vecinas” [We are all friends since we were small, and almost all are neighbors].<\/li>\n
                          • See\u00a0Reference Examples<\/em><\/strong>, example X, for translation of foreign titles in references<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                            Words<\/span>:<\/p>\n

                              \n
                            • Italicize non-English words that do not appear in the main section of\u00a0Webster\u2019s.<\/em>Italicize them on first use only, unless used as a term (see\u00a0Italics<\/em><\/strong>, Words as words)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                              \n

                              Italics<\/h3>\n

                              Words as words<\/span>:<\/p>\n

                                \n
                              • Italicize words used as words (e.g., as terms) in written context; but where the context is solely the spoken word, is used for ironic effect, or is a concept, use quotation marks:
                                \n—\u00a0 In Smith 1994 the term\u00a0subaltern<\/em> implies
                                \n—\u00a0 to keep children on the “right path” academically
                                \n—\u00a0 Bourdieu, who utilized notions of “cultural capital” and “habitus”
                                \n—\u00a0 \u00a0Bourdieu defines\u00a0cultural capital<\/em> and\u00a0habitus<\/em> as<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                Legal usage<\/span> (Chicago<\/em> 7.72):<\/p>\n

                                  \n
                                • Use italics for names of legal cases<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                  Publication names<\/span>:<\/p>\n

                                    \n
                                  • Italicize publications used as authors in in-text citations, but leave roman in references cited<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                    [sic<\/span>] (Chicago<\/em> 10.7):<\/p>\n

                                      \n
                                    • Italicize word, not brackets<\/li>\n
                                    • Correct obvious typographical errors rather than use [sic<\/em>]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                      Do not italicize<\/span>: e.g., i.e., or cf.<\/p>\n

                                      \n

                                      Numbers<\/h3>\n

                                      Spell out numbers in the following instances<\/span>:<\/p>\n

                                        \n
                                      • One through ten<\/li>\n
                                      • Numbers at the beginning of a sentence<\/li>\n
                                      • Numbers where used in the approximate sense:
                                        \n—\u00a0\u00a0The area comprises roughly two hundred viable sites; not 200
                                        \n—\u00a0\u00a0About 15 thousand soldiers were killed;\u00a0not<\/em> 15,000 or fifteen thousand<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                        Age<\/span>:<\/p>\n

                                          \n
                                        • 24 years old, 11 months old, a 34-year-old woman, in her thirties<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                          Currency<\/span>:<\/p>\n

                                            \n
                                          • Assume dollar designations are in U.S. currency. Otherwise (e.g., Canada) use:
                                            \n—\u00a0 US$200 (not<\/em> U.S.) and CAN$200<\/li>\n
                                          • Do not use $ with USD (e.g., $20 USD), as it is redundant<\/li>\n
                                          • Refer to the Government Printing Office for pre-Euro designations, or flag for the production department at AAA<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                            Dates<\/span>:<\/p>\n

                                              \n
                                            • ninth century, 20th century; 1960\u201365; 1960s (not<\/em> 60s); the sixties; October 6, 1966; April 1993 (no comma); C.E. 1200; 1000 B.C.E.; April 18, not April 18th<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                              Fractions<\/span>:<\/p>\n

                                                \n
                                              • Hyphenate as both adjective and noun: a two-thirds majority, two-thirds of those present<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                Inclusive numbers<\/span>:<\/p>\n

                                                  \n
                                                • Do not elide numbers in a range: 893\u2013897; 1,023\u20131,045<\/li>\n
                                                • Elide year spans (exception to above): 1989\u201392<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                  “Mid<\/span> -“:<\/p>\n

                                                    \n
                                                  • Hyphenate numbers or numerals: mid-thirties (age), mid-1800s (years)<\/li>\n
                                                  • Use an en-dash, rather than hyphen, with an open compound: mid\u201319th century, mid\u2013 Cold War<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                    Numbered items such as parts of a book, are not capitalized<\/span>:<\/p>\n

                                                      \n
                                                    • chapter 5 (in reviews ch. 5 or chs. 5\u20137), part 2<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                      Ordinals<\/span> (nd or rd):<\/p>\n

                                                        \n
                                                      • 22nd, rather than 22d; 23rd, rather than 23d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                        Quantities<\/span> (Chicago<\/em> 8.18):<\/p>\n

                                                          \n
                                                        • Use numerals above ten and spell out measurement: 26 millimeters, five miles, 15 kilometers (not km);\u00a0but<\/em> in tables, OK to use 26 mm, 5 gm, 10 mph<\/li>\n
                                                        • Express round numbers above ten million in numerals + words: 20 million<\/li>\n
                                                        • 20 percent, but in tables, OK to use %<\/li>\n
                                                        • Use commas in four-digit numbers: 1,409;\u00a0but<\/em> not page numbers (p. 1409)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                          Series<\/span>:<\/p>\n

                                                            \n
                                                          • Where dealing with more than one series of quantities, use numerals for one of the series: The first shape had 4 sides, the second had 7 \u2026 and the twelfth had 3<\/li>\n
                                                          • Where small numbers occur in a group with large numbers, set them all in numerals for consistency<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                            Statistics<\/span> (Chicago<\/em> 8.19\u20138.20; 12.66):<\/p>\n

                                                              \n
                                                            • Decimal fractions: use initial zero only if number can equal or exceed 1
                                                              \n—\u00a0\u00a00.3\u20131.5
                                                              \n—\u00a0\u00a0according to a Chi-square test yielding a value of 4.2,\u00a0p<\/em> < .05
                                                              \n—\u00a0\u00a0Kappa = .33,\u00a0p<\/em> < .05<\/li>\n
                                                            • Use\u00a0N<\/em> for sample sizes, but use\u00a0n<\/em> for subgroups of samples<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                              Times<\/span>:<\/p>\n

                                                                \n
                                                              • 2:00 p.m., noon<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                                                \n

                                                                Punctuation<\/h3>\n

                                                                Binary distinctions, dichotomies, or equal relationships: use en-dash,\u00a0not<\/em> solidus or hyphen<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                  \n
                                                                • parent\u2013teacher; us\u2013them; mind\u2013body,\u00a0not<\/em> mind-body or mind\/body<\/li>\n
                                                                • Previously published phrases are excepted: Foucault\u2019s power\/knowledge<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                                                  \n

                                                                  Quotations<\/h3>\n

                                                                  All published quotations must be cited with year and page number(s)<\/span>:<\/p>\n

                                                                    \n
                                                                  • (1992:7\u20138)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                    Avoid “cited in” where citing quotes within another work. Use the work listed in references cited and adjust the language outside parentheses<\/span>:<\/p>\n

                                                                      \n
                                                                    • As Johnson notes (Webber 1992)<\/li>\n
                                                                    • Do not use: (Johnson, cited in Webber 1992)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                      Format for block extracts<\/span>:<\/p>\n

                                                                        \n
                                                                      • If extract takes more than four manuscript lines, make it a block extract<\/li>\n
                                                                      • Use brackets for citation at the end of a block; put sentence period before citation<\/li>\n
                                                                      • If italics have been added, specify:
                                                                        \n—\u00a0\u00a0[Smith 1993:22, emphasis added]
                                                                        \n—\u00a0\u00a0Do not use “emphasis in original”<\/li>\n
                                                                      • If multiple paragraphs occur within a continuous block, the first paragraph should have no indent, but subsequent paragraphs should be marked by indents rather than extra leading<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                        Initial letter<\/span>:<\/p>\n

                                                                          \n
                                                                        • Change case of initial letter of quote to fit sentence without using brackets<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                          Per<\/span> Chicago<\/em> 10.28:<\/p>\n

                                                                            \n
                                                                          • When a quotation that is run into the text in the typescript is converted to a block quotation [by\u00a0author or editor], the quotation marks enclosing it are dropped, and interior quotation marks are changed accordingly.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                            Spelling and punctuation corrections<\/span>:<\/p>\n

                                                                              \n
                                                                            • Leave all spellings and punctuation alone in quotes; use [sic<\/em>] only if necessary, and give an explanation in text if absolutely necessary<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                              Do not use initial or final ellipses<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                              Do not use quotes for\u00a0yes<\/em> or\u00a0no<\/em> except in direct discourse<\/span> (Chicago<\/em> 10.35)<\/p>\n

                                                                              \n

                                                                              Running Text<\/h3>\n

                                                                              Abbreviations<\/span> (see\u00a0Chicago<\/em> 14.32\u201314.33):<\/p>\n